Gottlieb (formerly D. Gottlieb & Co.) was an American arcade gamecorporation based in Chicago, Illinois. The main office and plant was located at 1140-50 N. Kostner Avenue until the early 1970s when a new modern plant and office was located at 165 W. Lake Street in Northlake, IL. A subassembly plant was located in Fargo, ND.^[1] The company was established by David Gottlieb in 1927, initially producing pinball machines while later expanding into various other games including pitch-and-bats, bowling games, and eventually video arcade games (notably Reactor and Q*bertand, leading to the demise of Mylstar, M*A*C*H*3^{[citation needed]}).

Like other manufacturers, Gottlieb first made mechanical pinball machines, including the first successful coin-operated pinball machine Baffle Ball in 1931.^[2]Electromechanical machines were produced starting in 1935. The 1947 development of player-actuated, solenoid-driven 2-inch bats called 'flippers' revolutionized the industry. Players now had the ability to shoot the ball back up the playfield and get more points. The flippers first appeared on a Gottlieb game called Humpty Dumpty, designed by Harry Mabs. By this time, the games also became noted for their artwork by Roy Parker.

WMS Gaming is a manufacturer of slot machines, video lottery terminals and software to help casinos manage their gaming operations. It also offers online and mobile games. The company is based in Chicago, Illinois.WMS is a subsidiary of WMS Industries, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of Scientific Games Corporation in 2013. WMS entered the reel-spinning slot machine market in 1994.

In the late 1950s the company made more widespread use of digital score reels, making multiple player games more practical as most scoring was expressed by cluttered series of lights in the back box. The score reels eventually appeared on single-player games, now known as 'wedgeheads' because of their distinctive tapering back box shape. By the 1970s the artwork on Gottlieb games was almost always by Gordon Morison, and the company had begun designing their games with longer 3-inch flippers, now the industry standard.

The company made the move into solid state machines starting in the late 1970s. The first few of these were remakes of electromechanical machines such as Joker Poker and Charlie's Angels. By that time, multiple player machines were more the mode and wedgeheads were no longer being produced. The last wedgehead was T.K.O. (1979) and the last single player machine was Asteroid Annie and The Aliens (1980).^[3]

Gottlieb was bought by Columbia Pictures in 1976.^[4] In 1983, after the Coca-Cola Company had acquired Columbia, Gottlieb was renamed Mylstar Electronics,^[4] but this proved to be short-lived. By 1984 the video game industry in North America was in the middle of a shakeout and Columbia closed down Mylstar at the end of September 1984.^[2] A management group, led by Gilbert G. Pollock, purchased Mylstar's pinball assets in October 1984 and continued the manufacture of pinball machines under a new company, Premier Technology. As a result of this a number of prototype Mylstar arcade games, which were not purchased by the investors, were never released. Premier did go on to produce one last arcade game, 1989's Exterminator. Premier Technology, which returned to selling pinball machines under the name Gottlieb after the purchase, continued in operation until the summer of 1996.

It was pinball keeping the company alive until the end. The issue was that Premier Technology bought a company called SMS with the hope of making video lottery and ultimately, slot machines. They were developing an electronic blackjack table game too (This was the early 1990s). In gaming and video lottery, each jurisdiction requires a separate license and it takes a very long time to get approved. By 1996, Premier only had 1 or 2 jurisdictions approved to sell gaming machines.

In the meantime they were paying interest on the debt for buying SMS and the interest rates were high back in the early 1990s. So this debt sapped the company dry before they could get the video lottery/gaming division producing revenue, despite decent pinball sales.

Premier did not file for bankruptcy, but sold off all its assets for the benefit of its creditors.

Gottlieb's most popular pinball machine was Baffle Ball (released mid-1931), and their final machine was Barb Wire (early 1996).

Licensing and rights[edit]

Today, Gottlieb's pinball machines (along with those distributed under the Mylstar and Premier names), as well as the 'Gottlieb' and 'D. Gottlieb & Co.' trademarks (USPTO registration nos. 1403592, 2292766, and 3288024, and other numbers in countries around the world), are owned by Gottlieb Development LLC of Pelham Manor, New York. Most of Gottlieb's video games are currently owned by Columbia Pictures.

Gottlieb video games[edit]

Published[edit]

• No Man's Land (1980) – licensed from Universal
• New York! New York! (1981) – licensed from Sigma Enterprises
• Reactor (1982)
• Q*bert (1982)
• Mad Planets (1983)
• Krull (1983)
• Juno First (1983) – licensed from Konami
• M.A.C.H. 3 (1983) – laserdisc game; published under Mylstar name
• Us vs. Them (1984) – laserdisc game; published under Mylstar name
• The Three Stooges In Brides Is Brides (1984) – published under Mylstar name
• Q*bert Qubes (1983) – published under Mylstar name
• Curve Ball (1984) – published under Mylstar name
• Exterminator (1989) – published under Premier Technology name

Unreleased prototypes[edit]

• Argus (1982) – a.k.a. Videoman, Protector and Guardian
• Insector (1982)
• Arena (1982) – An earlier and simpler version of what became Wiz Warz
• Knightmare (1983)
• Faster, Harder, More Challenging Q*bert (1983) – developed under Mylstar name
• Screw Loose (1983) – developed under Mylstar name
• Tylz (1984) – developed under Mylstar name
• Video Vince and the Game Factory (1984) – developed under Mylstar name
• Wiz Warz (1984) – developed under Mylstar name

Gottlieb pinball machines^[5][edit]

Pure mechanical pinball/bagatelle machines[edit]

Incomplete list:

• Bingo (1931)
• Baffle Ball (1931)
• Stop and Sock (1931)
• Mibs (1931)
• Baffle ball senior (baffle ball variant) (1932)
• Play-Boy (1932)
• Brokers Tip (1933)
• Big Broadcast (1933)
• Sunshine Baseball (1936)
• Sweet Heart (1954)

Electromechanical pinball/flipperless machines[edit]

Incomplete list:

• Relay (1934)
• Playboy (1937)
• Humpty Dumpty #1 (1947)
• Miss America (1947)
• Lady Robin Hood (1947)
• Jack 'n Jill (1948)
• Olde King Cole (1948)
• K. C. Jones (1949)
• Bank-A-Ball #34 (1950)
• Buffalo Bill (1950)
• Knock Out (1950)
• Triplets #40 (1950)
• Minstrel Man (1951)
• Disc Jockey (1952)
• Skill Pool (1952)
• Queen of Hearts (1952)
• Quartette (1952)
• Quintette (1953)
• Gold Star (1954)
• Dragonette (1954)
• Diamond Lill (1954)
• Hawaiian Beaty (1954)
• Frontiersman (1955)
• Southern Belle (1955)
• Wishing Well #107 (1955)
• Classy Bowler (1956)
• Rainbow (1956)
• Derby Day (1956)
• Harbor Lights (1956)
• Ace High (1957)
• World Champ (1957)
• Contest (1958)
• Criss Cross (1958)
• Picnic (1958)
• Rocket Ship (1958)
• Queen of Diamonds (1959)
• Sweet Sioux (1959)
• World Beauties (1959)
• Around the world (1959)
• Dancing Dolls (1960)
• Flipper (1960)
• Texan(1960)
• Foto Finish (1961)
• Corral (1961)
• Cover Girls (1962)
• Flipper Clown (1962)
• Olympics (1962)
• Liberty Belle (1962)
• Rack-A-Ball (1962)
• Flying Chariots (1963)
• Gigi (1963)
• Slick Chick (1963)
• Sweet Hearts (1963)
• Swing Along (1963)
• Bowling Queen (1964)
• Bonanza (1964)
• Happy Clown (1964)
• Ship Mates (1964)
• World Fair (1964)
• Kings & Queens (1965)
• Sky Line (1965)
• Paradise 2 player game (1965)
• Cow Poke (1965)
• Bank-A-Ball (1965)
• Central Park (1966)
• Cross Town / Subway (1966) - last machines with manual ball lift
• Dancing Lady (1966)
• Hawaiian Isle (1966)
• Rancho (1966)
• Hi-Score (1967)
• Sea Side (1967)
• Hit-A-Card (1967)
• Sing Along (1967)
• Super Duo (1967)
• Super Score (1967)
• Surf Side (1967)
• 'Four Seasons' (1968)
• Domino (1968)
• Fun Park (1968)
• Fun Land (1968)
• Paul Bunyan (1968)
• Royal Guard (1968)
• Hi-Lo (1969)
• Airport (1969)
• Road Race (1969)
• Groovy (1970)
• Aquarius (1970)
• Batter Up (1970)
• Flip-A-Card (1970)
• Snow Derby 2 player game (1970)
• Snow Queen 4 player game (1970)
• Dimension (1971)
• 4 Square (1971)
• 2001 #298 (1971)
• Flying Carpet #310 (1972)
• Jungle (1972)
• King Kool (1972)
• Outer Space 2 player game (1972)
• Jumping Jack (2 player)/Jack In The Box (4 player) (1973)
• Jungle King (1 player) (1973)
• Wild Life (2 player) (1973)
• Jungle (4 player) (1973)
• Pro Pool (1973)
• Pro-Football (1973)
• Big Shot 2 player game (1973)
• Hot Shot 4 player game (1973)
• High Hand (1973)
• Top Card 1 player game (1974)
• Big Indian #356 (1974)
• Far Out 4 player game (1974)
• Duotron 2 player game (1974)
• Magnotron 4 player game (1974)
• Sky Jump (1974)
• Spin Out (1975)
• Super Soccer #367 (1975)
• Quick Draw (1975)
• Fast Draw #379 (1975)
• Abracadabra #380 (1975)
• Spirit of 76 #381 (1975)
• Spin Out (1975)
• Pioneer #382 (1975)
• '300' #388 (1975)
• Atlantis (1975)
• El Dorado (1975)
• Buccaneer (1976)
• Surf Champ (1976)
• Card Whiz 2 player version of Royal Flush (1976)
• Royal Flush 4 player version of Card Whiz (1976)
• Sure Shot (1976)
• Target Alpha (1976)
• Volley (1976)
• Solar City (1976)
• Bronco 4 player game (1977)
• Golden Arrow (1977)
• Fire Queen 2 player game (1977)
• Jet Spin 4 player game (1977)
• Mustang 2 player game (1977)
• Genie (1977)
• Team One (1977)
• Vulcan 4 player version of Fire Queen (1977)
• Cleopatra (1977)
• Fire Queen (1977)
• Gridiron (1977)
• Jacks Open (1977)
• Lucky Hand (1977)
• Jungle Queen 4 player version of Jungle Princess (1977)
• Jungle Princess (1977)
• Pyramid (1978)
• Strange World (1978)
• Neptune (1978)
• Sinbad (1978)
• Eye Of The Tiger (1978)
• Poseidon (1978)
• Hit the Deck (1978)
• Joker Poker (1978)
• Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1978)
• Dragon (1978)
• Gemini (1978)
• Rock Star (1978)
• Blue Note (1979)
• T.K.O. (1979)
• Space Walk (1979)

System 1 Pinball Machines[edit]

• Cleopatra #409 (1977) (was also released as two EM versions (Cleopatra, 4 player and Pyramid, 2 player))
• Sinbad #412 (1978) (was also released as an EM version)
• Joker Poker #417 (1978) (was also released as an EM version)
• Dragon #419 (1978) (was also released as an EM version)
• Solar Ride #421 (1979) (was also released as an EM version)
• Charlie's Angels #425 (1978) (was also released as an EM version)
• Close Encounters of the Third Kind #424 (1978) - 9,950 Solid State games and 470 Electro-Mechanical games made
• Count-Down #422 (1979) - 9,899 Games made (Also released as a 2 player EM version as Space Walk)
• Pinball Pool #427 (1979) - 7,200 Games made
• Totem #429 (1979) - 6,643 Games made
• The Incredible Hulk #433 (1979) - 6,150 Games made, a few of these games had System 80 electronics to test the new System 80 platform as model #500.
• Genie #435 (1979) - Wide body game. 6,800 Games made
• Buck Rogers #437 (1980) - 7,410 Games made
• Torch #438 (1980) - 3,880 Games made
• Roller Disco #440 (1980) - Wide body game with bright neon colors. 2,400 games made
• Asteroid Annie and the Aliens #442 (1980) - (The only single player System 1 Pinball Game and also the last System 1 game!) Only 211 games made

System 80 pinball machines[edit]

• Panthera #652 (1980)
• The Amazing Spider-Man #653 (1980)
• Circus #654 (1980)
• Counterforce #656 (1980)
• Star Race #657 (1980)
• James Bond 007 #658 (1980)
• Time Line #659 (1980)
• Force II #661 (1981)
• Pink Panther #664 (1981)
• Mars God of War #666 (1981)
• Volcano #667 (1981)
• Black Hole #668 (1981)
• Haunted House #669 (1982)
• Eclipse #671 (1982)

System 80A pinball machines[edit]

• Devil's Dare #670 (1982)
• Rocky #672 (1982)
• Spirit #673 (1982)
• Punk! #674 (1982)
• Caveman #PV810 (1982) (features an additional video game screen and a joystick)
• Striker #675 (1982)
• Krull #676 (1983)
• Q*bert's Quest #677 (1983) – based on the Q*bert video game
• Super Orbit #680 (1983)
• Royal Flush Deluxe #681 (1983)
• Goin' Nuts #682 (1983)
• Amazon Hunt #684 (1983)
• Rack 'Em Up! #685 (1983)
• Ready...Aim...Fire! #686 (1983)
• Jacks to Open #687 (1984)
• Touchdown #688 (1984)
• Alien Star #689A (1984)
• The Games #691 (1984)
• El Dorado City of Gold #692 (1984)
• Ice Fever #695 (1985)

System 80B pinball machines[edit]

• Bounty Hunter #694 (1985)
• Chicago Cubs Triple Play #696 (1985)
• Rock #697 (1985)
• Tag-Team Pinball #698 (1985)
• Ace High #700 (1985) – never produced
• Raven #702 (1986)
• Hollywood Heat #703 (1986)
• Rock Encore #704 (1986) – conversion kit for Rock
• Genesis #705 (1986)
• Spring Break #706 (1987)
• Gold Wings #707 (1986)
• Monte Carlo #708 (1987)
• Arena #709 (1987)
• Victory #710 (1987)
• Diamond Lady #711 (1988)
• TX-Sector #712 (1988)
• Big House #713 (1988)
• Robo-War #714 (1988)
• Excalibur #715 (1988)
• Bad Girls #717 (1988)
• Hot Shots #718 (1989)
• Bone Busters, Inc. #719 (1989)

System 3 pinball machines[edit]

• Lights...Camera...Action! #720 (1989)
• Silver Slugger #722 (1990)
• Vegas #723 (1990)
• Deadly Weapon #724 (1990)
• Title Fight #726 (1990)
• Car Hop #725 (1991)
• Hoops #727 (1991)
• Cactus Jack's #729 (1991)
• Class of 1812 #730 (1991)
• Amazon Hunt III #684D (1991) – conversion kit
• Surf 'N Safari #731 (1991)
• Operation Thunder #732 (1992) – last Gottlieb machine to use an alphanumeric display
• Super Mario Bros. #733 (1992) – based on the Super Mario Bros. video game by Nintendo;^[6] first Gottlieb machine to use a dot-matrix display (DMD)^{[citation needed]}
• Super Mario Bros. - Mushroom World #N105 (1992)
• Cue Ball Wizard #734 (1992)
• Street Fighter II #735 (1993) – based on the Street Fighter II video game by Capcom; in 1995–1996, pinball machines were produced under the name Capcom, originally were made in the Gottlieb factory
• Tee'd Off #736 (1993)
• Gladiators #737 (1993)
• Wipe Out #738 (1993)
• Rescue 911 #740 (1994)
• World Challenge Soccer #741 (1994)
• Stargate #742 (1995) – based on the Stargate movie
• Shaq Attaq #743 (1995) – starring Shaquille O'Neal
• Freddy: A Nightmare on Elm Street #744 (1994) – based on the A Nightmare on Elm Street movie series
• Frank Thomas' Big Hurt #745 (1995)
• Waterworld #746 (1995) – based on the Waterworld movie
• Mario Andretti #747 (1995) – starring Mario Andretti
• Strikes 'n' Spares (1995)
• Barb Wire (pinball) #748 (1996) – based upon the Barb Wirefilm and comic
• Brooks N' Dunn #749 – This game was entering production just as Gottlieb shut down and ceased operations. Two prototype machines supposedly exist, although some claim the design never proceeded past the whitewood stage. Playfield components, such as plastics, ramps, mechanisms and Translites were produced for the games about to enter production; enough for about 10 games to exist. Only buggy prototype software exists and was never completed.

Gottlieb was last to introduce a solid-state system, and last to cease manufacture of electromechanical games. The first version of Gottlieb's solid statepinball hardware was called System 1, and had many undocumented features. Designed and developed by Rockwell International's Microelectronics Group of Newport Beach, CA with circuit board manufacturing and final assembly in El Paso, Texas. Likely it was rushed to compete with the new solid-state games from other manufacturers, particularly Bally.^{[citation needed]} An entirely new platform was produced in 1980, System 80, which was refined in System 80A and System 80B. Following the System 80 platform, a new platform named System 3 was first released in 1989 and was used until the company's closure.

Video Slot Machine With Bee Wild

See also[edit]

• Tommy, the 1975 rock opera based on the 1969 album of the same name by The Who

References[edit]

1. ^LAtimes.com
2. ^ ^ab'Goodbye Q*Bert--Mylstar ceases operation'. Electronic Games: 14. January 1985.
3. ^http://www.ipdb.org/search.pl?searchtype=advanced&mfgid=94
4. ^ ^ab'Gottlieb changes company name'. Electronic Games: 12. October 1983.
5. ^http://www.ipdb.org/search.pl?mfgid=93&sortby=date&searchtype=advanced
6. ^'Gottlieb's Super Mario Bros. Pin'(PDF). Cash Box. 55 (39): 25. May 25, 1992. Retrieved August 20, 2017.

External links[edit]

In computing, an expansion card, also known as an expansion board, adapter card or accessory card, is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an electrical connector, or expansion slot, on a computer motherboard, backplane or riser card to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus.

Expansion cards allow the capacities and interfaces of a computer system to be adjusted to the tasks it will perform. For example, a high-speed multi-channel data acquisition system would be of no use to a personal computer used for bookkeeping, but might be a key part of a system used for industrial process control. Expansion cards can often be installed or removed in the field, allowing a degree of user customization for particular purposes. Some expansion cards take the form of 'daughterboards' that plug into connectors on a supporting system board.

In personal computing, notable expansion buses and expansion card standards include the S-100 bus from 1974 associated with the CP/Moperating system, the 50-pin expansion slots of the original Apple II computer from 1977 (unique to Apple), IBM's Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) introduced with the IBM PC in 1981, Acorn's tube expansion bus on the BBC Micro also from 1981, IBM's patented and proprietary Micro Channel architecture (MCA) from 1987 that never won favour in the clone market, the vastly improved Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) that displaced ISA in 1992, and PCI Express from 2003 which abstracts the interconnect into high-speed communication 'lanes' and relegates all other functions into software protocol.

History[edit]

Even vacuum-tube based computers had modular construction, but individual functions for peripheral devices filled a cabinet, not just a printed circuit board. Processor, memory and I/O cards became feasible with the development of integrated circuits. Expansion cards allowed a processor system to be adapted to the needs of the user, allowing variations in the type of devices connected, additions to memory, or optional features to the central processor (such as a floating point unit). Minicomputers, starting with the PDP-8, were made of multiple cards, all powered by and communicating through a passive backplane.

The first commercial microcomputer to feature expansion slots was the Micral N, in 1973. The first company to establish a de facto standard was Altair with the Altair 8800, developed 1974–1975, which later became a multi-manufacturer standard, the S-100 bus. Many of these computers were also passive backplane designs, where all elements of the computer, (processor, memory, and I/O) plugged into a card cage which passively distributed signals and power between the cards.

Proprietary bus implementations for systems such as the Apple II co-existed with multi-manufacturer standards.

IBM PC and descendants[edit]

IBM introduced what would retroactively be called the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus with the IBM PC in 1981. At that time, the technology was called the PC bus. The IBM XT, introduced in 1983, used the same bus (with slight exception). The 8-bit PC and XT bus was extended with the introduction of the IBM AT in 1984. This used a second connector for extending the address and data bus over the XT, but was backward compatible; 8-bit cards were still usable in the AT 16-bit slots. Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) became the designation for the IBM AT bus after other types were developed. Users of the ISA bus had to have in-depth knowledge of the hardware they were adding to properly connect the devices, since memory addresses, I/O port addresses, and DMA channels had to be configured by switches or jumpers on the card to match the settings in driver software.

IBM's MCA bus, developed for the PS/2 in 1987, was a competitor to ISA, also their design, but fell out of favor due to the ISA's industry-wide acceptance and IBM's licensing of MCA. EISA, the 32-bit extended version of ISA championed by Compaq, was used on some PC motherboards until 1997, when Microsoft declared it a 'legacy' subsystem in the PC 97 industry white-paper. Proprietary local buses (q.v. Compaq) and then the VESA Local Bus Standard, were late 1980s expansion buses that were tied but not exclusive to the 80386 and 80486 CPU bus.^[1][2][3] The PC/104 bus is an embedded bus that copies the ISA bus.

Intel launched their PCI bus chipsets along with the P5-based Pentium CPUs in 1993. The PCI bus was introduced in 1991 as a replacement for ISA. The standard (now at version 3.0) is found on PC motherboards to this day. The PCI standard supports bus bridging: as many as ten daisy chained PCI buses have been tested. Cardbus, using the PCMCIA connector, is a PCI format that attaches peripherals to the Host PCI Bus via PCI to PCI Bridge. Cardbus is being supplanted by ExpressCard format.

Intel introduced the AGP bus in 1997 as a dedicated video acceleration solution. AGP devices are logically attached to the PCI bus over a PCI-to-PCI bridge. Though termed a bus, AGP usually supports only a single card at a time (LegacyBIOS support issues). From 2005 PCI-Express has been replacing both PCI and AGP. This standard, approved^{[Like whom?]} in 2004, implements the logical PCI protocol over a serial communication interface. PC/104(-Plus) or Mini PCI are often added for expansion on small form factor boards such as Mini-ITX.

For their 1000 EX and 1000 HX models, Tandy Computer designed the PLUS expansion interface, an adaptation of the XT-bus supporting cards of a smaller form factor. Because it is electrically compatible with the XT bus (a.k.a. 8-bit ISA or XT-ISA), a passive adapter can be made to connect XT cards to a PLUS expansion connector. Another feature of PLUS cards is that they are stackable. Another bus that offered stackable expansion modules was the 'sidecar' bus used by the IBM PCjr. This may have been electrically comparable to the XT bus; it most certainly had some similarities since both essentially exposed the 8088 CPU's address and data buses, with some buffering and latching, the addition of interrupts and DMA provided by Intel add-on chips, and a few system fault detection lines (Power Good, Memory Check, I/O Channel Check). Again, PCjr sidecars are not technically expansion cards, but expansion modules, with the only difference being that the sidecar is an expansion card enclosed in a plastic box (with holes exposing the connectors).

Other families[edit]

Most other computer lines, including those from Apple Inc. (Apple II, Macintosh), Tandy, Commodore, Amiga, and Atari, offered their own expansion buses. The Amiga used Zorro II. Apple used a proprietary system with seven 50-pin-slots for Apple II peripheral cards, then later used the NuBus for its Macintosh series until 1995, when they switched to a PCI Bus. Generally, PCI expansion cards will function on any CPU platform if there is a software driver for that type. PCI video cards and other cards that contain a BIOS are problematic, although video cards conforming to VESA Standards may be used for secondary monitors. DEC Alpha, IBM PowerPC, and NEC MIPS workstations used PCI bus connectors.^[4] Both Zorro II and NuBus were plug and play, requiring no hardware configuration by the user.

Even many video game consoles, such as the Sega Genesis, included expansion buses; at least in the case of the Genesis, the expansion bus was proprietary, and in fact the cartridge slots of many cartridge based consoles (not including the Atari 2600) would qualify as expansion buses, as they exposed both read and write capabilities of the system's internal bus. However, the expansion modules attached to these interfaces, though functionally the same as expansion cards, are not technically expansion cards, due to their physical form.

Other computer buses were used for industrial control, instruments, and scientific systems. Some of these standards were VMEbus, STD Bus, and others.

External expansion buses[edit]

Laptops generally are unable to accept most expansion cards. Several compact expansion standards were developed. The original PC Card expansion card standard is essentially a compact version of the ISA bus. The CardBus expansion card standard is an evolution of the PC card standard to make it into a compact version of the PCI bus. The original ExpressCard standard acts like it is either a USB 2.0 peripheral or a PCI Express 1.x x1 device. ExpressCard 2.0 adds SuperSpeed USB as another type of interface the card can use. Unfortunately, CardBus and ExpressCard are vulnerable to DMA attack unless the laptop has an IOMMU that is configured to thwart these attacks.

Applications[edit]

The primary purpose of an expansion card is to provide or expand on features not offered by the motherboard. For example, the original IBM PC did not have on-board graphics or hard drive capability. In that case, a graphics card and an ST-506 hard disk controller card provided graphics capability and hard drive interface respectively. Some single-board computers made no provision for expansion cards, and may only have provided IC sockets on the board for limited changes or customization. Since reliable multi-pin connectors are relatively costly, some mass-market systems such as home computers had no expansion slots and instead used a card-edge connector at the edge of the main board, putting the costly matching socket into the cost of the peripheral device.

In the case of expansion of on-board capability, a motherboard may provide a single serial RS232 port or Ethernet port. An expansion card can be installed to offer multiple RS232 ports or multiple and higher bandwidth Ethernet ports. In this case, the motherboard provides basic functionality but the expansion card offers additional or enhanced ports.

Physical construction[edit]

One edge of the expansion card holds the contacts (the edge connector or pin header) that fit into the slot. They establish the electrical contact between the electronics on the card and on the motherboard. Peripheral expansion cards generally have connectors for external cables. In the PC-compatible personal computer, these connectors were located in the support bracket at the back of the cabinet. Industrial backplane systems had connectors mounted on the top edge of the card, opposite to the backplane pins.

Depending on the form factor of the motherboard and case, around one to seven expansion cards can be added to a computer system. 19 or more expansion cards can be installed in backplane systems. When many expansion cards are added to a system, total power consumption and heat dissipation become limiting factors. Some expansion cards take up more than one slot space. For example, many graphics cards on the market as of 2010 are dual slot graphics cards, using the second slot as a place to put an active heat sink with a fan.

Some cards are 'low-profile' cards, meaning that they are shorter than standard cards and will fit in a lower height computer chassis. (There is a 'low profile PCI card' standard^[5] that specifies a much smaller bracket and board area). The group of expansion cards that are used for external connectivity, such as network, SAN or modem cards, are commonly referred to as input/output cards (or I/O cards).

Daughterboard[edit]

A daughterboard, daughtercard, mezzanine board or piggyback board is an expansion card that attaches to a system directly.^[6] Daughterboards often have plugs, sockets, pins or other attachments for other boards. Daughterboards often have only internal connections within a computer or other electronic devices, and usually access the motherboard directly rather than through a computer bus.

Daughterboards are sometimes used in computers in order to allow for expansion cards to fit parallel to the motherboard, usually to maintain a small form factor. This form are also called riser cards, or risers. Daughterboards are also sometimes used to expand the basic functionality of an electronic device, such as when a certain model has features added to it and is released as a new or separate model. Rather than redesigning the first model completely, a daughterboard may be added to a special connector on the main board. These usually fit on top of and parallel to the board, separated by spacers or standoffs, and are sometimes called mezzanine cards due to being stacked like the mezzanine of a theatre. Wavetable cards (sample-based synthesis cards) are often mounted on sound cards in this manner.

Some mezzanine card interface standards includethe 400 pin FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC);the 172 pin High Speed Mezzanine Card (HSMC);^[7][8]the PCI Mezzanine Card (PMC);XMC mezzanines;the Advanced Mezzanine Card;IndustryPacks (VITA 4), the GreenSpring Computers Mezzanine modules;etc.

Examples of daughterboard-style expansion cards include:

• Enhanced Graphics Adapter piggyback board, adds memory beyond 64 KB, up to 256 KB^[9]
• Expanded memory piggyback board, adds additional memory to some EMS and EEMS boards^[10]
• ADD daughterboard
• RAID daughterboard
• Network interface controller (NIC) daughterboard
• CPU Socket daughterboard
• Bluetooth daughterboard
• Modem daughterboard
• AD/DA/DIO daughter-card
• Communication daughterboard (CDC)
• Server Management daughterboard (SMDC)
• Serial ATA connector daughterboard
• Robotic daughterboard
• Access control List daughterboard
• Arduino 'shield' daughterboards
• Beaglebone 'cape' daughterboard
• Raspberry Pi 'HAT add-on board'^[11]
• Network Daughterboard (NDB). Commonly integrates: bus interfaces logic, LLC, PHY and Magnetics onto a single board.

Standards[edit]

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• PCI Extended (PCI-X)
• PCI Express (PCIe)
• Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
• Conventional PCI (PCI)
• Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)
• Micro Channel architecture (MCA)
• VESA Local Bus (VLB)
• CardBus/PC card/PCMCIA (for notebook computers)
• ExpressCard (for notebook computers)
• Audio/modem riser (AMR)
• Communications and networking riser (CNR)
• CompactFlash (for handheld computers and high speed cameras and camcorders)
• SBus (1990s SPARC-based Sun computers)
• Zorro (Commodore Amiga)
• NuBus (Apple Macintosh)

See also[edit]

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• M-Module, an industrial mezzanine standard for modular I/O

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References[edit]

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1. ^'MB-54VP'. ArtOfHacking.com. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
2. ^'NX586'. ArtOfHacking.com. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
3. ^'LEOPARD 486SLC2 REV. B'. ArtOfHacking.com. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
4. ^'Motherboards'. Artofhacking.com. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
5. ^'PCI Mechanical Working Group ECN: Low Profile PCI Card'(PDF). Pcisig.com. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
6. ^ IEEE Std. 100 Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Edition, IEEE, 2000,ISBN0-7381-2601-2, page 284
7. ^Jens Kröger.'Data Transmission at High Rates via Kapton Flexprints for the Mu3e Experiment'.2014.p. 43 to 44.
8. ^Altera.'High Speed Mezzanine Card (HSMC) Specification'.p. 2-3.
9. ^Market Looks to EGA as De Facto Standard, InfoWorld, Aug 19, 1985
10. ^Product Comparison: 16-Bit EMS Memory, InfoWorld, Sep 7, 1987
11. ^'Add-on boards and HATs'. GitHub. Raspberry Pi Foundation. Retrieved 19 June 2020.

External links[edit]

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